El artículo estudia el envío del Hijo y del Espíritu Santo a los justos tal y como son tratados por Agustín en "De Trinitate" 4, 20 y 2, 5, resaltando las misiones visibles y sus diversas implicaciones, así como los capítulos 17 al 19 del Libro XV, para explicar la vinculación del Espíritu Santo al amor fraterno.

En el presente estudio nos proponemos analizar y valorar críticamente una serie de caracterizaciones que permiten reconocer la evolución de la noción de bioética durante las primeras décadas del desarrollo de la disciplina. Más precisamente, a través del análisis comparativo de las definiciones y descripciones seleccionadas, procuraremos poner de manifiesto el progresivo avance hacia nociones más amplias e integradoras que intentan evitar tanto la reducción de la disciplina a un ámbito o a un aspecto determinado como la restricción de la (...) significación del nombre “bioética” a un mero núcleo paradigmático. Comenzaremos con el análisis de algunas caracterizaciones que expresan una noción de bioética más restringida en cuanto al campo o ámbito propio abordando, en un segundo momento, el estudio de otras que responden, en principio, a una noción más integral. (shrink)

Respecto del tema de la eternidad divina, las Sentencias de Pedro Lombardo nos presentan una intrigante paradoja. Por una parte, podría parecer que esta obra, más allá de la simple enunciación de locuciones que significan la eternidad divina, no ofrece desarrollos doctrinales que merezcan mayor consideración. Por otra, encontramos allí una noción de eternidad que no está en sus fuentes ni es recibida por sus más ilustres comentadores. En efecto, esta noción interviene en el conocimiento del ser y de la (...) esencia de Dios como su verdad y propiedad. Por ello mismo, resulta particularmente idónea para manifestar la igualdad de las personas divinas. (shrink)

La comunicación a la creatura racional del don de la gracia santificante y del Don del Espíritu Santo, siendo simultánea, comporta cierto orden e incluso diversos modos de orden. Esta doctrina de santo Tomás de Aquino es de enorme importancia para una comprensión más acabada de algunas de las grandes temáticas teológicas que caracterizan su pensamiento, como las referidas a la inhabitación trinitaria y a la justificación. En el presente estudio nos proponemos profundizar dicha enseñanza desde el trasfondo de la (...) ofrecida en la Suma Halesiana por Juan de la Rochela, su predecesor inmediato más importante e influyente en esta materia. Siguiendo el orden de exposción del Comentario a las Sentencias, obra en la que el Angélico expone más ampliamente esta temática, consideramos sucesivamente el hecho de la donación conjunta del don creado y el Don increado, y el orden entre ellos, temáticas que suponen respectivamente las doctrinas filosóficas de la relación de razón y del principio, el orden y sus modos. (shrink)

Con ocasión de la aparición de la edición española (2019) de la obra The Virtues in Medical Practice (1993) de Pellegrino y Thomasma, se ofrece un estudio pormenorizado y crítico de la parte teórica que la preside, en el que se puntualiza su objetivo, así como su contenido y el orden de los capítulos que la componen. Dicho estudio está precedido por tres acercamientos convergentes referidos al estado de la refl exión sobre ética médica al momento de la aparición de (...) la primera edición del libro, a su lugar en el conjunto de la obra escrita de E. Pellegrino, su autor principal, y al lugar de esta parte en la estructura de conjunto del libro. Para Pellegrino es fundamental dejar establecido desde el principio que la vida virtuosa es el principal recurso con el que cuenta el médico para contribuir a la sanación de su paciente. Por eso consagra el primer capítulo al concepto de virtud desde una perspectiva histórica. El siguiente capítulo estudia el vínculo entre virtudes, principios y deberes respondiendo al desafío de mostrar cómo se puede combinar la teoría de la virtud con elprincipialismo. La temática de la medicina como comunidad moral, sobre la que versa el tercer capítulo, se impone desde el momento en que las virtudes, los principios y los deberes de los médicos requieren de un soporte institucional adecuado para que su accionar se oriente sin desfallecer a los fines propios de la profesión. El capítulo cuarto estudia estos fi nes mostrando que no se reducen a la curación del paciente, sino que miran a su bien integral. Ante la vulnerabilidad del enfermo, la primera respuesta del profesional médico y de toda la comunidad a la que pertenece será la benefi cencia en la confianza. (shrink)

Plotinus’ thought is generally viewed as a “system”, the One’s system, wich embraces and considers the Totality as such, as a whole, ruled by the metaphysical law of the unity. Scholars as É. Bréhier, J. Moreau, G. Reale, J. Igal, A. H. Armstrong... agree to it. The present study tries to make explicit and interpret it, examining some basic features, or general traits, wich reveal the Plotinian doctrine from this same point of view. Therefore, the systematic side of Plotinus’ thought (...) is here viewed as the really suitable mode, way or “mothodology” to think the Totality as a supreme unity, and to express the One’s ontology as a perfect whole. According to this interpretation, the system reflects the “synoptical” view of its same content, and shows it as the One’s “presence” in the whole reality and in the Plotinus’ intuitive mind, developed through an ordered series of concepts, in view of the mystical experience, to the union with the One, as the final goal. (shrink)

We aim to understand how different conceptions of the world coexisted, were created and maintained, and to understand the differences between classical and contemporary mythology in the art context. Are we living in post-mythological times? Is there a pattern or a semblance of structure in both classical mythology and contemporary myths such as the cyborg? Can we stretch the definition of mythology so that it encompasses everything that in some way tries to imbue a sense of order in the chaos (...) of human life? (shrink)

Este ensaio busca oferecer uma coleção de materiais historiográficos, em sua maior parte traduzidos do alemão, a bem da contextualização mais detalhada do papel de Moisés Mendelssohn no debate filosófico alemão da segunda metade do XVIII, em especial no que concerne à provável influência de suas reflexões em Kant e Hegel. Inicio com a consideração das novidades trazidas à tona por M. Serres no que concerne à interpretação de Leibniz, e o faço com o intuito de introduzir em sentido amplo (...) a problemática da _característica universal_, que servirá de fio condutor neste percurso. Tal introdução me permite definir alguns dos termos mediante os quais observaremos o debate entre Kant e Mendelssohn, a começar com a análise de alguns aspectos do concurso sobre a cientificidade da metafísica proposto pela Academia de Ciências da Prússia em 1762, e em seguida com a observação, mesmo que sumária, de alguns outros momentos importantes do contato entre ambos os filósofos. Meu objetivo é ilustrar a posição mendelssohniana, mesmo que de maneira introdutória, no intuito de se lançar alguma luz sobre seu projeto crítico de impor limites à razão teórica da matemática clássica e à razão prática da mística cabalística – diapasão em que se exercita a mágica e o fascínio do ideário da característica universal – o que promete, por sua vez, iluminar tanto alguns aspectos fundamentais do projeto da _Crítica da Razão Pura_ de Kant quanto da _Ciência da Lógica_ de Hegel. À guisa de conclusão relatarei, mesmo que de maneira episódica e sumária, aspectos da _querela do panteísmo_ e indicaremos brevemente como Kant e Hegel, de maneiras opostas, a ela reagiram. (shrink)

Este texto recupera dos posiciones en torno al concepto de destino: la de Diego de Saavedra Fajardo y la de Plutarco. Ambos, a diferencia de algunos estoicos, sostienen que, independientemente de aquellas circunstancias que escapan a la voluntad humana, el hombre posee la capacidad para ser libre y tomar decisiones respecto de sus actos, sin que esto signifique dejar atrás el ideal del sabio. Para ellos, enfrentarse con el destino implica conocer las pasiones que se hallan inmersas en la naturaleza (...) humana, así que no las toman en un sentido negativo. Por esta razón, ambos filósofos insisten en reorientar las pasiones a través de la educación, la moral o la religión y, con ello, en dejar atrás la idea de que el hombre está determinado o bien por su propia naturaleza humana o por las circunstancias que se le presentan. De esta manera, brindan un reconocimiento esencial al ejercicio de la libertad humana. (shrink)

Generic statements (‘Tigers have stripes’) are pervasive and developmentally early-emerging modes of generalization with a distinctive linguistic profile. Previous experimental work suggests that generics display a unique asymmetry between the prevalence levels required to accept them and the prevalence levels typically implied by their use. This asymmetry effect is thought to have serious social consequences: if speakers use socially problematic generics based on prevalence levels that are systematically lower than what is typically inferred by their recipients, then using generics will (...) likely exacerbate social stereotypes and biases. This paper presents evidence against the popular hypothesis that this asymmetry effect is unique to generics. Correcting for various shortcomings of previous studies, we found a generalized asymmetry effect across generics and various kinds of explicitly quantified statements (‘most’, ‘some’, ‘typically’, ‘usually’). In addition, to better understand the conditions under which generalized asymmetry effects may exacerbate biases, we examine whether speakers choose generalizing sentences based simply on their acceptance conditions, or are systematically sensitive to the implications likely drawn by their typical recipients. In support of the latter view, we found that, in neutral or cooperative scenarios, speakers reliably choose generalizing sentences whose implied prevalence levels closely match the actual ones. In non-cooperative scenarios, speakers exploit asymmetry effects to further their own goals by choosing generalizing sentences that are strictly true but likely to mislead their recipients. These results refine our understanding of the source of asymmetry effects and the conditions under which they may introduce biased beliefs into social networks. (shrink)

En las últimas décadas se ha producido un cambio radical en el concepto de museo hacia la valorización de la experiencia como vía de adquisición de conocimiento. Este cambio ha generado un entorno propicio para la entrada de instalaciones digitales interactivas que aúnan información y educación con una perspectiva lúdica que, con frecuencia, le lleva a trasladar elementos y características de los videojuegos para una experiencia más atractiva, inmersiva y memorable. El objeto del presente artículo ha sido redefinir elementos del (...) diseño de videojuegos y su intersección con el diseño centrado en el usuario para su aplicación en el contexto museístico. (shrink)

Generic statements (‘Tigers have stripes’) are pervasive and early-emerging modes of generalization with a distinctive linguistic profile. Previous experimental work found that generics display a unique asymmetry between their acceptance conditions and the implications that are typically drawn from them. This paper presents evidence against the hypothesis that only generics display an asymmetry. Correcting for limitations of previous designs, we found a generalized asymmetry effect across generics, various kinds of explicitly quantified statements (‘most’, ‘some’, ‘typically’, ‘usually’), and variations in types (...) of predicated properties (striking vs. neutral). We discuss implications of these results for our understanding of the source of asymmetry effects and whether and in which ways these effects might introduce biased beliefs into social networks. (shrink)

This article presents and discusses one of the most prominent inferential strategies currently employed in cognitive neuropsychology, namely, reverse inference. Simply put, this is the practice of inferring, in the context of experimental tasks, the engagement of cognitive processes from locations or patterns of neural activation. This technique is notoriously controversial because, critics argue, it presupposes the problematic assumption that neural areas are functionally selective. We proceed as follows. We begin by introducing the basic structure of traditional “location-based” reverse inference (...) and discuss the influential lack of selectivity objection. Next, we rehearse various ways of responding to this challenge and provide some reasons for cautious optimism. The second part of the essay presents a more recent development: “pattern-decoding reverse inference”. This inferential strategy, we maintain, provides an even more convincing response to the lack of selectivity charge. Due to this and other methodological advantages, it is now a prominent component in the toolbox of cognitive neuropsychology. Finally, we conclude by drawing some implications for philosophy of science and philosophy of mind. (shrink)

Adults (more than 18 years old) are likely to reproduce the habits that they acquired during childhood and adolescence (from 6 to 16 years old). For that reason, teachers and parents have the responsibility to promote an active and healthy lifestyle in children and adolescents. Even though every school subject should promote healthy activities, Physical Education (PE) is the most important subject to foster well-being habits associated to healthy lifestyle during sport practice and other kinds of active tasks. Indeed, there (...) are many factors that influence the acquisition of healthy habits that should be taken into account when programs and activities are implemented in both educational and extracurricular context. In this sense, psychological and social factors are of utmost importance to achieve optimal experiences for an active and healthy lifestyle. However, due to the myriad of studies analyzing different factors in different contexts, there could be confusion when programs and pedagogical strategies are applied in educational or extracurricular contexts. The objective of this investigation is to analyze the state of art of the psychosocial factors which influence the engagement in physical activities and sport practice. The keywords used in this review were mainly: ‘Self-Determination Theory’, ‘motivation’, ‘Psychological need satisfaction, ‘physical activity and sport engagement’, ‘Elementary Education’, ‘Secondary Education’, ‘Physical Education’. The articles were selected according to the following criteria: (a) peer-reviewed original research published in international journals indexed in JCR or SJR, (b) published in English or Spanish, (c) about psychosocial factors which influence the physical activity and sport engagement, (b) in educational or extracurricular context. Research articles selected were found through nine databases. It was observed that physical activities and sport practice engagement are closely related to psychological factors. In particularly, intrinsic motivation was able to determine the active participation in any activity, including physical activity and sport practice during the implementation of Small-Sided Games and other kinds of pedagogical strategies (e.g., Pedagogical Models). Motivation was also closely related to flow state. Finally, these variables should be considered in order to organize effective programs to promote an active and healthy lifestyle in Physical Education classes. (shrink)

In this paper we propose an approach to multi-source belief revision where the trust or credibility assigned to informant agents can be revised. In our proposal, the credibility of each informant represented as a strict partial order among informant agents, will be maintained in a repository called credibility base. Upon arrival of new information concerning the credibility of its peers, an agent will be capable of revising this strict partial order, changing the trust assigned to its peers accordingly. Our goal (...) is to formalize a set of change operators over the credibility base: expansion, contraction, prioritized, and non-prioritized revision. These operators will provide the capability of dynamically modifying the credibility of informants considering the reliability of the information. This dynamics will reflect a new perception of trust assigned to the informant, or extend the set of informants by admitting the addition of new informant agents. (shrink)

El artículo ofrece un panorama del precedente en el Civil Law con el objetivo de distinguir los problemas que pueden presentarse en los sistemas jurídicos que tienen una práctica formal o institucionalizada de precedente, de aquellos en los que no la hay. Se identificó que se introdujo el precedente como una forma de responder a las crecientes demandas de administración de justicia en la materia y delimitar la discrecionalidad del operador jurídico. Por tanto, la tesis de fondo de este trabajo (...) es que, en la operación regular de los sistemas jurídicos del Civil Law, tanto los tribunales constitucionales y la jurisdicción en general identificaron la necesidad práctica de dotar de contornos a los derechos humanos —en tanto disposiciones jurídicas a concretar jurisdiccionalmente—. (shrink)

Argumentation is an important research area in the field of AI. There is a substantial amount of work on different aspects of Dung’s abstract Argumentation Framework (AF). Two relevant aspects considered separately so far are: i) extending the framework to account for recursive attacks and supports, and ii) considering dynamics, i.e., AFs evolving over time. In this paper, we jointly deal with these two aspects. We focus on High-Order Argumentation Frameworks with Necessities (HOAFNs) which allow for attack and support relations (...) (interpreted as necessity) not only between arguments but also targeting attacks and supports at any level. We propose an approach for the incremental evaluation of the credulous acceptance problem in HOAFNs, by “incrementally” computing an extension (a set of accepted arguments, attacks and supports), if it exists, containing a given goal element in an updated HOAFN. In particular, we are interested in monitoring the credulous acceptance of a given argument, attack or support (goal) in an evolving HOAFN. Thus, our approach assumes to have a HOAFN Δ, a goal \rho occurring in Δ, an extension E for Δ containing \rho, and an update u establishing some changes in the original HOAFN, and uses the extension for first checking whether the update is relevant; for relevant updates, an extension of the updated HOAFN containing the goal is computed by translating the problem to the AF domain and leveraging on AF solvers. We provide formal results for our incremental approach and empirically show that it outperforms the evaluation from scratch of the credulous acceptance problem for an updated HOAFN. (shrink)

This work introduces the Attack-Support Argumentation Framework (ASAF), an approach to abstract argumentation that allows for the representation and combination of attack and support relations. This framework extends the argumentation Framework with Recursive Attacks (AFRA) in two ways. Firstly, it adds a support relation enabling to express support for arguments; this support can also be given to attacks, and to the support relation itself. Secondly, it extends AFRA’s attack relation by allowing attacks to the aforementioned support relation. Moreover, since the (...) support relation of the ASAF has a necessity interpretation, the ASAF also extends the Argumentation Framework with Necessities (AFN). Thus, the ASAF provides a unified framework for representing attack and support for arguments, as well as attack and support for the attack and support relations at any level. (shrink)

En este trabajo se pretende mostrar el sentido político que adquirió la defensa de la teoría por parte de Adorno en los últimos años de su vida. él empleó esta defensa como una respuesta a los imperativos de los estudiantes de izquierda de plegar la teoría crítica a la intervención práctica inmediata. Para justificar esta tesis se atiende no sólo a lo que decía, sino también, en un nivel discursivo diferente, a lo que estaba haciendo cuando empleaba concentraciones de términos (...) y enunciados densos y eruditos para manifestarse. Esto lleva a incluir las reflexiones y valoraciones de Adorno referentes a la actitud teorética y a la praxis, principalmente aquellas esbozadas en Dialéctica negativa, en un contexto más amplio. This work pretends to show the political sense that the defense of the theory by Adorno acquired in the last years of his life. He used this defense as an answer to the students's imperatives of applying the critical theory to the immediate practical intervention. In order to justify this thesis will be considered not only what Adorno said, but also, in a different discursive level, what he was doing on having used concentrations of terms and dense and erudite declarations. This entails, then, to relate Adorno's reflections and assessments concerning to the theoretical and practical approach -specially those outlined in Negative Dialectic- to a broader contextual framework. (shrink)

Argumentation is a form of reasoning where a claim is accepted or rejected according to the analysis of the arguments for and against it; furthermore, it provides a reasoning mechanism able to handle contradictory, incomplete and uncertain information in real-world situations. We combine Bipolar Argumentation Frameworks (an extension of Dung’s work) with an Algebra of Argumentation Labels modeling two independent types of interaction between arguments, representing meta-information associated with arguments, and introducing an acceptability notion that will give more information for (...) arguments acceptability. (shrink)

We propose a revision operator on a stratified belief base, i.e., a belief base that stores beliefs in different strata corresponding to the value an agent assigns to these beliefs. Furthermore, the operator will be defined as to perform the revision in such a way that information is never lost upon revision but stored in a stratum or layer containing information perceived as having a lower value. In this manner, if the revision of one layer leads to the rejection of (...) some information to maintain consistency, instead of being withdrawn it will be kept and introduced in a different layer with lower value. Throughout this development we will follow the principle of minimal change, being one of the important principles proposed in belief change theory, particularly emphasized in the AGM model. Regarding the reasoning part from the stratified belief base, the agent will obtain the inferences using an argumentative formalism. Thus, the argumentation framework will decide which information prevails when sentences of different layers are used for entailing conflicting beliefs. We will also illustrate how inferences are changed and how the status of arguments can be modified after a revision process. (shrink)

This paper studies the lessons of principled anti-corruption experts who dared to fulfill their duty of justice in highly corrupt societies, through the true story of Ngozi Okonjo-Iweala, the former Finance Minister of Nigeria. My thesis is that when principled anti-corruption experts are epistemic trespassers, they show moral incompetence. Okonjo-Iweala shows moral incompetence in two ways: she misread the opposition to her strategies and misled other honest reformers. Both actions bungled her efforts to eradicate corruption inasmuch as they hindered the (...) possibility of finding successful anti-corruption policies. Okonjo-Iweala’s moral incompetence is, I argue, the result of her epistemic trespassing that led her to act like an expert in an environment where she was not. I conclude that, in highly corrupt societies, principled anti-corruption experts should embrace moral humility, stop thinking that they are experts, and act more like students, asking questions and not rushing to think that they understand the answers. (shrink)

The cross-cultural literature is reviewed and integrated together with attitude theories, thereby outlining a model through which certain values influence the intervening variables that ultimately lead managers to tolerate employee bribery. The case of Latin America is employed to illustrate how regionally dominant cultural values may shape managers' attitudes, subjective norms, and perceived behavioral control, which in turn affect tolerance of employee bribery. A series of research propositions and practical recommendations are derived from the model.

Should businesses engage in moral talk when it becomes profitable? Due to their particular position of visibility, it is reasonable to acknowledge that businesses have specific moral duties. Some might argue that companies ought to help abandon morally repugnant norms by providing examples of alternative behaviors through advertisements. However, the moral talk of businesses might unexpectedly reinforce repugnant norms and increase social tensions in a polarized society. Then, the duty of the companies is not fulfilled when they engage in moral (...) talk. In polarized societies, the positional duty of businesses implies decreasing the risk of social conflict. It is not clear how to do that, yet I argue that if businesses use moral talk with mass marketing strategies, they would strive to shape impartial moral messages aiming to find points of moral convergence among polarized moral positions, which might mitigate social polarization. I call this duty the imperative of doux commerce. (shrink)

Volver objeto temático la herencia de la teoría crítica es interrogar nuevamente por la capacidad de discernimiento de la praxis humana que se ejerce bajo el supuesto de que algo existente no debería ser como es, porque se han incumplido sus aspiraciones normativas o porque ellas mutan en dispositivos de control. Al mismo tiempo, la pregunta enfática por la crítica implica algo diferente al examen de los criterios de legitimidad de los distintos saberes críticos y su relación con el poder. (...) La pregunta también interpela a la propia constitución de la crítica como capacidad de discernimiento. A partir del diagnóstico del régimen poscrítico, se propone aquí un desplazamiento en la formulación del problema de la crisis de la crítica. Con este desplazamiento no se aboga por un abandono radical de la crítica, ni se defiende su función provisoria en vistas de su consumación práctica en una sociedad verdadera; tampoco al orden de la regulación normativa que permite determinar, evaluar y jerarquizar su propio desempeño. Lo que nos interesa explorar es aquello que se sustrae de la regulación normativa del juicio sobre lo adecuado y lo inadecuado. El tema de reflexión es lo que la crítica designa en su diferencia irreductible con ella misma. El presente trabajo indaga entonces esa diferencia bajo el nombre de «crítica reticente». Para ello se vale de la noción de Adorno de «lo añadido». La tesis general sostiene que la crítica reticente refiere a un «momento estético» que le impide autoconstituirse, como quería Kant, en tribunal absoluto al que todo debe someterse. (shrink)

A legitimate expectation in a liberal democracy is that public officials enforce the law regardless of its content; when they don’t do so, their actions tend to be publicly condemned. This expectation puts street-level bureaucrats in a moral dilemma when they consider that a certain law is unjust: either they don’t enforce the law and violate their duties to the citizenry, or they enforce it and become complicit in injustices. This paper argues for the legal permission of public officials to (...) disregard legal mandates for moral reasons. Call it official disobedience. Contrary to common intuitions, I show that official disobedience would foster the principles of and improve governance in liberal democracies: it accommodates public officials’ personal autonomy and yields three main democratic benefits. First, information about the outcomes of the law would become available for lawmakers; second, in the aggregate, it would protect citizens from injustices; third, it would improve the moral character of bureaucrats. (shrink)

A symmetric network consists of a set of positions and a set of bilateral links between these positions. For every symmetric network we define a cooperative transferable utility game that measures the “power” of each coalition of positions in the network. Applying the Shapley value to this game yields a network power measure, the β-measure, which reflects the power of the individual positions in the network. Applying this power distribution method iteratively yields a limit distribution, which turns out to be (...) proportional to the well-known degree measure. We compare the β-measure and degree measure by providing characterizations, which differ only in the normalization that is used. (shrink)

Este artículo tematiza la relevancia del Hamlet, de Shakespeare, para el pensamiento de T. W. Adorno, aun cuando este no haya escrito in extenso sobre aquel. El drama aparece sobre todo en su discurso oral como modelo para describir la relación de discontinuidad entre teoría y práctica. Aquí se desea mostrar cómo el teórico crítico del pensamiento moral abstracto piensa el paso del conocimiento a la praxis a partir del vínculo entre Hamlet y el llamado “factor añadido” (Das Hinzutretende). Desde (...) esta lectura, el Hamlet de Adorno representa un lugar clave de transiciones malogradas. (shrink)

Game theory has proven useful in clarifying Hobbes’s argument that the state of nature will inevitably devolve into a state of war. Mathematically-leaning philosophers, however, have paid little attention to Rousseau’s depiction of the state of nature as a peaceful, asocial state of solitary wanderers. This paper articulates Rousseau’s critique of Hobbes in formal terms, which pinpoints two crucial issues in Hobbes’s account: the lack of an exit option and an unrealistic depiction of human nature. Building upon recent game-theoretic treatments (...) of Hobbes, we first construct a model that incorporates Rousseau’s criticisms by permitting an exit option and endogenizing human preferences and capacities. Second, we draw out the implications of Rousseau’s analysis for the question of political authority, which cannot be answered, as Hobbes believed, by invoking a hypothetical state of nature. (shrink)

In this paper I pursue an avenue of argument implicit in Patristic thinkers — such as Tertullian and Athanasius — and explicit in the thomistic and scholastic tradition. I argue that there is an ontological unity to the world, and that this unity calls for an explanation in terms of a transcendent cause, traditionally identified with God.

Worried that the current paradigm of political corruption (individual corruption: the misuse of public office for private gain) is too narrow to protect democratic institutions from private interests, the political theorist Dennis Thompson resurrects the premodern notion of institutional corruption, which refers to practices that undermine the purpose of political institutions. From the lenses of institutional corruption, practices such as money in political campaigns, lobbying, or wealth inequality are to be condemned and eradicated to protect democratic institutions. The goal of (...) this paper is to provide reasons against resurrecting the notion of institutional corruption in the realm of policy for three main reasons. First, it is baseless: there is no empirical evidence that the sole presence of money alters democratic results. Second, it is unnecessary: individual corruption can be used to condemn and sanction illegal actions that undermine democratic decision making. And third, it is unclear whether policies against money in politics are beneficial or detrimental to electoral competition. In the light of empirical evidence, I conclude, we should not resurrect the unnecessary and potentially misleading idea of institutional corruption. Empirical studies, in fact, show that liberal electoral democracies, at least in developed countries, are more responsive to the voters’ will than Thompson believes. (shrink)

There has always been a tension, in theory, between the public accountability and the professional efficiency of the agencies of the administrative state. How has that tension been handled? What would it be like for it to be well handled?

Several political philosophers have recently pointed out that current electoral democracies fail to facilitate accurate and reliable feedback on the performance of public officials. Rather than rejecting democracy as a hopeless ideal, we defend an institutional reform called Service Responsibility, which introduces a superior incentive structure that better aligns the interests of citizens and public officials. Service Responsibility requires increasing or decreasing the income of public officials insofar as they succeed or fail to achieve democratically chosen goals. Later, we consider (...) an alternative institutional scheme, recently proposed by Claudio López-Guerra: Piloting Responsibility. According to this alternative proposal, public officials must utilize a public provider whenever they seek out a basic service. We show that Piloting Responsibility fails to realize the democratic ideal because it generates a perverse incentive structure for public officials. We conclude that Service Responsibility outperforms both the status quo and Piloting Responsibility as an institutional scheme for ensuring competent governance and public justification. (shrink)

Este artículo reseña: Luis Efrén RÍOS VEGA, Irene SPIGNO (dirs.), Fernando Gustavo RUZ DUEÑAS (coord.), Los derechos humanos en los tiempos de la pandemia Covid-19, Tirant lo Blanch, México, 2022, 262 pp.

El objetivo del estudio fue sistematizar y analizar la revisión teórica que fundamenta la experiencia pedagógica y el método socializado de los estudiantes de educación superior. El enfoque del estudio fue cualitativo, tipo de investigación revisión de literatura, diseño narrativo, considerando criterios de similitud en las diversas teorías revisadas en artículos de alto impacto, además, de utilizar las estrategias de diagrama de árbol y la estrategia de investigación activa (DIA). Se concluye que existe incipiente uso del método socializado; carencia de (...) autorreflexión; poco análisis reflexivo en la experiencia pedagógica del estudiante de la formación inicial docente (FID). (shrink)